When Do You Have to Pay Your Taxes? Key Deadlines

The United States tax system operates on a “pay-as-you-go” principle, meaning taxpayers are generally expected to pay taxes as they earn income throughout the year. The timing and methods for fulfilling these obligations vary based on income sources and financial circumstances. Understanding these nuances is important for managing financial responsibilities and avoiding potential penalties. This article clarifies federal tax payment scenarios, from annual deadlines to ongoing requirements and available payment options.

The Annual Tax Deadline

For most individual taxpayers, the primary federal income tax filing and payment deadline is April 15th each year for income earned in the prior calendar year. For instance, taxes on income earned during 2024 are generally due on April 15, 2025. This deadline is for filing Form 1040, the U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, and submitting any tax due. If April 15th falls on a weekend or a legal holiday, the deadline automatically shifts to the next business day. While federal deadlines are consistent, state income tax deadlines may differ, though they frequently align with the federal date.

How to Extend Your Filing Time

Taxpayers who need additional time to prepare their federal income tax return can request an extension. Filing Form 4868, Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, typically grants an automatic six-month extension, pushing the filing deadline to October 15th. An extension of time to file is not an extension of time to pay; any estimated tax payment is still due by the original April 15th deadline to avoid late-payment penalties and interest. Taxpayers can request an extension electronically through tax software, via a tax professional, or directly with the IRS.

Situations Requiring Payments Throughout the Year

Many individuals pay taxes through payroll withholding, where employers deduct taxes from each paycheck. Employees use Form W-4, Employee’s Withholding Certificate, to provide information to their employer and ensure the correct amount of federal income tax is withheld. Adjusting Form W-4 helps individuals meet their annual obligation and avoid a large tax bill or significant refund.

However, certain income types are not subject to withholding, necessitating estimated tax payments throughout the year. This applies to individuals with income from self-employment, independent contracting, significant investment gains, rents, or other income not subject to withholding.

Estimated taxes are generally paid in four installments using Form 1040-ES, Estimated Tax for Individuals. The quarterly due dates are:
April 15th (for income earned January 1st through March 31st)
June 15th (for income earned April 1st through May 31st)
September 15th (for income earned June 1st through August 31st)
January 15th of the following year (for income earned September 1st through December 31st)
Failing to pay enough estimated tax can result in penalties.

Payment Methods

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) offers various methods for making federal tax payments, providing flexibility for taxpayers. Electronic payment options are generally encouraged for their convenience and security. IRS Direct Pay is a free service allowing direct bank account transfers (ACH) from a checking or savings account, requiring no prior registration and providing instant confirmation. The Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS), a free service provided by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, requires enrollment and allows scheduling payments up to 365 days in advance, offering a secure way to manage various federal tax obligations. Taxpayers can also pay using a debit card, credit card, or digital wallet through third-party processors, though these typically involve a processing fee charged by the third-party provider, not the IRS.

For those preferring traditional methods, payments can be made by check or money order, payable to the “U.S. Treasury.” When mailing a payment, it should include the taxpayer’s name, address, daytime phone number, Social Security number, the tax year, and the related tax form or notice number. It is important not to send cash through the mail. Cash payments are an option at retail partners through services like PayNearMe or MoneyGram, or by appointment at certain IRS Taxpayer Assistance Centers (TACs). Retail partners typically have payment limits, such as up to $1,000 per transaction, and it is advisable to make these payments several business days before the due date to ensure timely processing.