Hardest Countries to Get Citizenship and Why It’s So Challenging

Securing citizenship in a foreign country is often seen as an opportunity for individuals seeking better economic prospects, global mobility, or a fresh start. However, the process can be exceptionally complex, with some nations imposing rigorous requirements that discourage many applicants.

Understanding why certain countries make citizenship so challenging sheds light on their priorities and concerns.

High Minimum Asset Requirements

Some nations impose high minimum asset thresholds, creating financial barriers for applicants. These policies aim to attract affluent individuals who can significantly contribute to the economy. For example, Switzerland requires applicants to demonstrate substantial financial resources, ensuring they can sustain themselves without relying on public funds.

The thresholds vary widely. Singapore’s Global Investor Program mandates a minimum investment of SGD 2.5 million in a business or approved fund to stimulate economic growth and employment. Similarly, the U.S. EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program requires investments of at least $1.8 million, or $900,000 in targeted employment areas, prioritizing verifiable and impactful contributions.

These requirements often prioritize liquid assets, such as cash or stocks, as they are easier to quantify and verify. This preference ensures transparency and facilitates economic benefits.

Strict Income and Financial Record Checks

Countries with stringent citizenship processes often demand comprehensive income and financial documentation. These checks are not only about verifying wealth but also assessing financial responsibility. Germany, for instance, requires applicants to submit detailed records of income sources, tax filings, and financial statements, gauging their economic stability.

The process can be daunting, requiring applicants to provide extensive documentation such as bank statements and proof of tax compliance. Canada mandates evidence of income tax filings for at least three years, emphasizing fiscal accountability. Similarly, Australia may evaluate an applicant’s credit history to ensure financial prudence.

These checks aim to confirm that applicants are financially self-sufficient and unlikely to pose economic risks to the state.

Mandatory Real Estate or Business Investments

In many countries, citizenship is tied to significant real estate or business investments, which aim to boost economic sectors. Portugal’s Golden Visa program offers a pathway to residency—and eventually citizenship—through real estate investments of €500,000 or more, revitalizing the housing market.

Some nations also allow investments in local businesses or government bonds. In Cyprus, applicants can invest in either, while Malta’s Individual Investor Program requires a €150,000 investment in government-approved financial instruments alongside real estate commitments. These investments often need to be maintained for a set period to ensure enduring economic benefits.

Compliance measures accompany these requirements. Authorities may conduct audits to verify the investments remain intact. For example, the United Kingdom’s Tier 1 Investor Visa program requires detailed reporting of investment activities to ensure funds are actively contributing to the economy.

Large Application and Administration Costs

The citizenship process often involves substantial financial commitments, including high application and administrative fees. These costs act as a filter, ensuring only serious applicants proceed. For instance, the United States charges a $725 non-refundable fee for naturalization applications to cover processing and biometrics. While this may seem modest compared to investment thresholds, legal and documentation expenses can quickly escalate.

Administrative fees in countries like Austria and Switzerland can reach thousands of euros, covering background checks, interviews, and other procedural steps. The complexity often necessitates hiring legal or financial consultants, further increasing the overall cost.

Extensive Auditing Protocols

Countries with stringent citizenship pathways employ thorough auditing protocols to ensure applicants comply with all requirements. These audits delve deeply into financial, personal, and professional histories. For instance, Canada and Australia conduct extensive background checks covering finances, criminal records, and employment history.

Financial scrutiny is particularly rigorous. Governments require applicants to prove the origin of their funds to prevent money laundering or illegal activities. The United Kingdom’s Tier 1 Investor Visa program demands documentation tracing investment funds back at least two years.

In some cases, audits extend beyond the application process. Malta’s Individual Investor Program monitors adherence to investment obligations for several years post-citizenship. This may include periodic reviews of real estate holdings or business operations to ensure continued compliance. These ongoing checks reinforce the credibility and integrity of citizenship programs.